Warm / Positive phase Cool / Negative phase Neutral Awaiting live feed

① Tropical Pacific / ENSO-RelatedTHE HUB OF THE SYSTEM

ENSO seeds or modulates almost everything else on this page. These four are the tropical Pacific's own internal variability.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

ENSO · RONI / ONI

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Bjerknes feedback between equatorial Pacific SST and trade winds. Currently sourced live from this site's own SST worker.

NOAA CPC · daily/weekly—

ENSO Modoki (EP vs. CP)

EMI

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Whether warming centers on the eastern cold tongue (canonical) or near the dateline (Modoki/CP). This event reads east-based so far.

Derived from Niño boxes · monthly—

Madden–Julian Oscillation

MJO · RMM1/RMM2

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Eastward-propagating convective envelope, 8 phases, ~30–60 day cycle. Sourced live from this site's own MJO worker.

BOM/NOAA PSL · daily—

Quasi-Biennial Oscillation

QBO

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Downward-propagating easterly/westerly wind regimes in the equatorial stratosphere, ~28-month mean period.

NOAA PSL 30hPa wind · monthly—

② Other Tropical Ocean-Basin ModesINDIAN & ATLANTIC ANALOGUES

The Indian and Atlantic basins run their own coupled ocean–atmosphere modes — some independent of ENSO, some its direct downstream effect.

Indian Ocean Dipole

IOD · DMI

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West-minus-east equatorial Indian Ocean SST gradient. Peaks boreal fall; often co-occurs with El Niño.

BOM / JAMSTEC · monthly—

Indian Ocean Basin Mode

IOBM

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Basin-wide Indian Ocean warming that outlasts El Niño by 3-4 months, forcing the NW Pacific anticyclone.

Derived SST average · monthly—

Atlantic Niño

ATL3

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The equatorial Atlantic's own Bjerknes-feedback mode — "the little brother of El Niño," about half its amplitude.

NOAA PSL SST boxes · monthly—

Atlantic Meridional Mode

AMM

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Cross-equatorial Atlantic SST gradient shifting the ITCZ; peaks boreal spring; a damped mode needing external forcing.

NOAA PSL · monthly—

Pacific Meridional Mode

PMM

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Pacific analogue of the AMM; a key extratropical pathway feeding into ENSO development.

Chiang & Vimont dataset · monthly—

③ Northern Hemisphere ExtratropicalCPC's RPCA-DERIVED WAVE TRAINS

Identified via Rotated Principal Component Analysis of 500-hPa height anomalies (Barnston & Livezey 1987). These govern midlatitude storm tracks and cold-air outbreak risk.

North Atlantic Oscillation

NAO

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Icelandic Low / Azores High seesaw. Governs the North Atlantic jet and storm track, especially in winter.

NOAA CPC/PSL · daily—

Arctic Oscillation

AO / NAM

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Annular Arctic–midlatitude mass seesaw, tightly coupled to the stratospheric polar vortex.

NOAA CPC · daily—

Pacific–North American Pattern

PNA

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Quadripole wave train linking the Aleutian Low to North American temperature/precip patterns; ENSO-excited.

NOAA CPC/PSL · daily—

East Atlantic Pattern

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Southward-shifted NAO-like dipole; an "atmospheric bridge" into the low-latitude Pacific.

NOAA CPC · monthly—

East Atlantic / West Russia

EA/WR

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Eurasian wave train, winter centers over the Caspian and western Europe. Sets European precip anomalies with NAO/EA.

NOAA CPC/PSL · monthly—

Scandinavian Pattern

SCAND

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Blocking-type pattern centered on Scandinavia/Eurasian Arctic; drives cold across central Europe/Russia.

NOAA CPC · monthly—

Polar / Eurasia Pattern

POL

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Polar center opposed by Europe/NE Asia centers; tracks circumpolar vortex strength.

NOAA CPC · monthly—

West Pacific Pattern

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N-S height dipole over the W. North Pacific; controls E. Asian winter climate and WNP cyclone tracks.

NOAA CPC/PSL · daily—

Tropical / N. Hemisphere

TNH

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Wintertime wave train, Gulf of Alaska–Canada–Gulf of Mexico; modulates the Pacific jet exit region.

NOAA CPC · monthly (Nov–Feb)—

EP/NP & North Pacific

EP/NP · NP

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Spring–summer Pacific jet pattern (EP/NP) plus the classic Aleutian Low strength index (NP).

NOAA CPC/PSL · monthly—

④ Southern Hemisphere ExtratropicalTHE PNA's SOUTHERN MIRROR

The Southern Hemisphere's dominant modes — SAM's steady poleward shift, and the Rossby wave trains that link the Pacific to South America and Antarctica.

Southern Annular Mode

SAM / AAO

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Antarctic–midlatitude mass seesaw. Now in its most positive multi-century state due to GHGs and historic ozone loss.

NOAA CPC / Marshall index · monthly—

Pacific–South American 1 & 2

PSA1 / PSA2

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SH analogue of the PNA — Rossby wave trains toward South America. PSA1 tracks low-freq ENSO; PSA2 the quasi-biennial component.

Research EOF products · monthly—

⑤ Decadal & Multidecadal Ocean ModesTHE SLOW BACKGROUND STATE

These shift over 20-80 years, not seasons — but they modulate how ENSO itself behaves and teleconnects, so they matter for context even though they won't move week to week.

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

PDO

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Leading EOF of North Pacific SST. Not one physical mode but an aggregate of ENSO teleconnections, Aleutian Low variability, and ocean Rossby waves.

NOAA NCEI/PSL · monthly—

Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

IPO

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Basin-wide, near-global sibling of the PDO. Its negative phase contributed to the early-2000s warming "hiatus."

NOAA PSL Tripole Index · monthly—

Atlantic Multidecadal Osc./Var.

AMO / AMV

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Multidecadal North Atlantic SST swing, ~60-80yr period. Amplitude and attribution genuinely contested in the literature.

NOAA PSL · monthly—

North Pacific Gyre Oscillation

NPGO

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Second mode of North Pacific SST/SSH variability; strong predictor of Northeast Pacific nutrients and productivity.

Di Lorenzo et al. dataset · monthly—

⑥ Stratospheric ModesEPISODIC, NOT CONTINUOUS

Unlike the indices above, this isn't a smoothly varying number — it's an event flag. A major SSW either has or hasn't happened this winter.

Sudden Stratospheric Warming

SSW / Polar Vortex

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Abrupt polar vortex breakdown from planetary wave momentum deposition. Pushes AO/NAO negative for weeks afterward. NH-only in practice; occurs roughly every 2 years.

NOAA CPC 10hPa/60°N wind · event-based—

⑦ Regional & Monsoon IndicesWHERE TELECONNECTIONS MEET THE GROUND

Semi-permanent regional features that both respond to and modulate the patterns above — this is often where global teleconnections translate into an actual harvest or heatwave.

Indian Summer Monsoon

ISM

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All-India Rainfall Index. Inversely tied to ENSO (El Niño typically suppresses it), though the relationship is nonstationary.

IMD / NOAA PSL · monthly (JJAS)—

West African Monsoon

WAM / Sahel

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Sahel rainfall governed by land-sea thermal contrast and ITCZ position. Modulated by Atlantic Niño, AMM, and the AMO on multidecadal scales.

NOAA PSL Sahel Index · monthly—

W. Pacific Subtropical High

WPSH / WNPSH

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Semi-permanent anticyclone controlling the mei-yu/Baiu front, E. Asian monsoon rainfall, and TC steering. Intensifies post-El Niño.

CMA / regional centers · monthly—

Siberian High

SH Index

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Dominant wintertime Eurasian cold anticyclone. Governs E. Asian winter monsoon and cold-surge frequency; central to "warm Arctic-cold Eurasia" winters.

Reanalysis SLP average · monthly—

Coverage note, honestly stated: This dashboard is built to display all 30 recognized teleconnections in one place, but "live" means different things for different rows. ENSO and MJO already pull from this site's own automated data pipeline. Roughly 19 of the remaining 28 have a confirmed, direct public real-time source (NOAA PSL's climate indices archive covers most CPC Northern Hemisphere patterns, QBO, PDO, AMO, AAO/SAM, and more). A smaller set — IOD, IOBM, Atlantic Niño, PMM, POL/SCAND/TNH, PSA1/2, SSW event detection, WPSH, and the Siberian High — need either a source this site hasn't wired up yet or a small derived calculation from gridded data, and are marked "Awaiting live feed" until that's built. That's a deliberate choice: a guessed number would violate everything this site stands for more than an honest placeholder would.

Global Teleconnections Dashboard